What is non-volatile memory?

Non-volatile memory is characterized by its ability to retain stored data even when the power supply is turned off. This type of memory is essential for applications where data preservation is crucial, such as in firmware, configuration settings, and storing files on disk drives.

In contrast, the other options describe types of memory that do not retain information without power. For instance, volatile memory, like RAM, requires a constant power supply to maintain data; as soon as it's powered down, any information stored is lost. Non-volatile memory includes various technologies such as Flash memory, EEPROM, and ROM, all of which serve to provide long-term data storage without the need for continuous power. This unique feature makes non-volatile memory vital for devices that need to access information after being powered off, such as computers, smartphones, and embedded systems.